Robust WCET Estimation via Ensemble Learning with Fractional-Order Legendre Function Kernels

Estimating Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) as a regression problem has become increasingly challenging due to the complexity of modern hardware and software systems. Traditional statistical methods often fall short of providing accurate and reliable estimates. To address these limitations, ensemble learning methods have emerged as a promising approach for capturing edge cases in execution scenarios. This paper proposes a novel ensemble model that integrates fractional-order Legendre functions (FLF) to enrich feature representation. This integration reduces correlations between individual models within the ensemble, enhancing generalization capabilities. Our method achieves significant reductions in Mean Squared Error (MSE) for WCET estimates while maintaining high levels of safeness. Specifically, the proposed model maintained an error below one across most benchmarks, with safeness levels of $\% 100$ in 13 out of 16 benchmarks. These findings underscore the efficacy of our approach and its potential to provide robust and accurate WCET estimates for complex systems.