Solid-State Lighting: Health Effects and Knowledge Gaps

The health effects of LED lamps and luminaires used for general lighting were reviewed by an international team of researchers working under the 4E implementing agreement of the International Energy Agency (SSLC platform). Effects on the general population and subsets of sensitive groups were studied considering interactions with eye and skin, glare, circadian regulation, neuro-behavioral effects, effects of temporal light modulation, and long-term effects, such as age-related macular degeneration, myopia, and risks of cancer. This paper presents the conclusions and recommendations of the expert group. Knowledge gaps are detailed in each effect category.