Efficacy of green propolis in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a case report

Oral cancer is a malignant neoplasm that affects several oral structures. Its main risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, poor oral hygiene, restricted diet, and HPV infection. Men over 50 years old, especially smokers and alcohol drinkers, are most affected. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents 90% to 95% of cases and is characterized by persistent ulcers with persistence and peripheral infiltration. Biopsy is essential for diagnosis, which can be complemented by imaging tests and biomarker analysis. Recent studies have explored the use of natural products, such as green propolis, due to its antineoplastic properties. Propolis, rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, has beneficial effects in modulating pathways associated with the prevention of metastatic progression and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, in addition to inducing tumor suppressors. In this study, a 53-year-old patient, a smoker, was diagnosed with moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate. After the biopsy, topical application of green propolis was performed, resulting in specific improvement of the lesion. Clinically, the lesion showed a reduction in inflammation and tissue necrosis, with the regeneration of healthy tissue. Histologically, tissue disorganization and reduction in cellularity were noted after treatment. Although the results are promising, there is a need for additional studies to confirm the efficacy and safety of green propolis as an adjuvant in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma. This case suggests that propolis may have a potential role in oral cancer therapy, however further research is essential to validate its clinical use.