Recent Catalytic Applications of Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine-Based Nanocomposites in Organic Transformations

Abstract Catalysis is a crucial tool for synthesizing many molecular scaffolds for various applications, including fuels, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, fabrics, and fragrances. Different metal complexes of porphyrin and phthalocyanines have been developed as promising catalysts for various catalytic transformations under mild conditions, many of which mimic the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes. The efficiency and selectivity of porphyrins and phthalocyanine-based catalysts have been significantly enhanced by making their nanocomposites. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have been modified with various nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and nano-organic frameworks such as metal-organic frameworks and covalent-organic frameworks. Their photophysical and catalytic activities have been studied in various organic transformations. Herein, the formation of different nanocomposites of porphyrin and phthalocyanines has been summarized, and their chemical, electrochemical, and photocatalytic applications as catalysts in different organic transformations have been reviewed. 1 Introduction 2 Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine-Based Nanocomposites for Catalytic Applications 2.1 Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine-Based Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles 2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Modified Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Nanocomposites 2.2.1 Nanoconjugates of Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine with Magnetic Nanoparticles 2.2.2 Nanocomposites of Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles 2.3 Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine-Based Nanocomposites with Carbon- Based Nanomaterials 2.3.1 Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes 2.3.2 Porphyrin/Phthalocyanine-Based Nanocomposites with Graphene Oxide 2.3.3 Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Nanocomposites with Graphitic Carbon Nitrite 2.4 Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine-Based Nano-organic Frameworks 3 Conclusion and Future Prospects