Exploring the complexities of recurrent spontaneous abortion: An overview of contributing factors

Background Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses, is a distressing condition affecting 1-3% of reproductive-age couples. The aetiology of RSA is multifactorial, incorporating genetic, anatomical, hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors. Despite advances in reproductive medicine, over 50% of cases remain unexplained, highlighting the complexities involved in diagnosis and treatment. Objective This review aims to provide an overview of the contributing factors to RSA, evaluate its physiological mechanisms, and identify gaps in current knowledge and practice. By examining both established and emerging causes of recurrent pregnancy loss, the review seeks to guide future research directions and inform clinical management strategies. Conclusion RSA presents significant emotional and physical challenges for affected individuals and couples. A comprehensive understanding of its multifactorial nature is essential for effective diagnosis and management. Enhanced awareness of risk factors such as thrombophilia’s and chromosomal abnormalities is critical in developing targeted treatment approaches. Future research should focus on elucidating the genetic and environmental interactions that contribute to RSA, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and support.