The current state of carbon footprint quantification and tracking in the agri-food industry

The agri-food sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for approximately 30% of global energy consumption and a substantial share of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions. As global food systems transition toward sustainability, carbon footprint quantification has become critical for reducing environmental impacts and achieving carbon neutrality goals aligned with the European Green Deal. This paper provides a comprehensive review of methodologies for carbon footprint assessment, including the GHG Protocol – Product Standard, ISO 14064, ISO 14067, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and PAS 2050, and their applications in food production systems. A case study on the wheat-to-bread supply chain illustrates the practical application of these frameworks in carbon footprint calculation. The study explores key challenges in carbon footprint tracking, such as data availability and quality issues, complexity of global supply chains, standardization gaps, and financial constraints for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It further highlights emerging digital technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and IoT sensors, which enhance emission monitoring, optimize agricultural inputs, and improve transparency in food supply chains. Additionally, the study examines the role of policy frameworks, particularly EU regulations, and the impact of consumer behavior on sustainable food choices. Findings indicate that livestock and fisheries remain the highest-emitting subsectors, while plant-based foods have significantly lower carbon footprints. Integrating digital solutions, standardized methodologies, and regulatory incentives is crucial for improving carbon accounting accuracy and accelerating decarbonization efforts. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers, emphasizing harmonized reporting frameworks, improved access to open carbon databases, and investment in climate-smart agriculture. Strengthening consumer engagement and implementing eco-labeling strategies can further drive demand for low-carbon food products, supporting the transition toward a sustainable and climate-resilient food system.