LEACH-ERA: An Energy-Efficient and Reliable Cluster Head Selection Algorithm for Prolonged Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime

Long-term operation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in regions with limited energy resources depends on efficient energy management. Although it works well, node dependability and dynamic network conditions are not fully satisfied by the traditional Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. We address these shortcomings by presenting a novel method called LEACH-ERA (Energy, Reliability, and Adaptive Cluster Head Selection), which enhances cluster head selection by integrating node reliability, network adaptability, and energy levels. LEACH-ERA assigns cluster head positions to nodes with more residual energy to extend the lifetime of the network. Node dependability is also considered throughout the selection procedure to ensure more dependable data transfer. To this goal, connection stability and historical performance are used. Furthermore, the system adapts to changing network factors such as energy distribution and node density, allowing for more dynamic and flexible cluster construction. LEACH-ERA is demonstrated to be a more dependable and effective substitute for normal LEACH in WSNs based on simulation results, since it lowers the node failure rate, lengthens the network's lifespan, and adapts to chanaing communication needs with ease.