A Multi-state Flexible Clearing Model for Two-sided Adjustable Resources

Compared to conventional thermal power units, natural environmental factors significantly influence new energy systems, resulting in output variability, intermittency, and counter-cyclical peak shifting. This paper analyzes the operational characteristics of hydropower units and energy storage devices in this context. It develops a mathematical model for multi-state flexible clearing incorporating demand response on the load side. The model’s objective function is to maximize social welfare, considering constraints such as water spillage, spillage penalty factors, and the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage systems. The last section uses an improved IEEE 9-bus system for case studies. The results indicate that adjustable resources on the generation side can perform peak shaving and valley filling, thereby mitigating the impact of fluctuations in new energy output to some extent.