A Comparative Analysis of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering and Model-Based Systems Engineering Frameworks for Managing Requirements of Systems of Systems

Goal-oriented requirements engineering (GORE) for Systems of Systems (SoS) includes combining individual operational systems local goals to achieve higher-level goals. GORE offers a structured approach to managing complex requirements, ensuring that strategic goals are translated into operational tasks. This paper provides a review of GORE frameworks, including those incorporating Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), that could be used in the management of complex Systems of Systems. The paper analyzes recent GORE frameworks such as CGS4Adaptation which combines Goals and SysML for managing adaptive Socio-Cyber-Physical Systems (SCPSs); GORE-based approach to Energy Management Systems (EnMS); Model-Based and Goal-Oriented Approach for the conceptual design of smart grid services; GORE and reference architecture approach for microgrid systems; and Adaptation-Oriented Requirement Modeling approach (ADORE). A comparative analysis is conducted to assess the extent of effectiveness these frameworks provide for improving SoS traceability, adaptability, and system design integrity. The paper concludes with key findings on the strengths and limitations of the considered frameworks, on the basis of which, major conclusions on how GORE combined with MBSE can be used for managing SoS requirements in Smart Grid (SG) and socio-cyber-physical systems could be drawn. This review paper also contributes to the requirements engineering domain by outlining effective strategies for designing and managing complex, adaptive Systems of Systems.