Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis for Compressed Carbon Dioxide Energy Storage technology

Compressed carbon dioxide energy storage (CCES) represents an innovative storage technology derived from compressed air energy storage (CAES) and the distinctive thermodynamic properties of CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>. This paper investigates several theoretically feasible CCES systems, detailing their cyclic processes and technical characteristics. It provides an analysis and comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of each technological pathway. By evaluating current and projected costs, the paper estimates the levelized costs of storage of CCES technologies that are currently in pilot demonstration and compares with those of lithium-ion battery energy storage plants. The results indicate that CCES offers a cost advantage for storage applications exceeding six hours. As technology continues to evolve and costs decrease, the economic benefits of CCES are anticipated to become even more pronounced.