Deployment of Private 5G Networks in Greenhouses: 26 GHz Propagation Modeling and Comparison with 3GPP Standards

This paper presents the characterization and modeling of 26 GHz signal propagation in a greenhouse environment using Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. The 26 GHz frequency, a native band in the 3GPP standards, was analyzed, and a propagation curve was modeled, leading to the derivation of a specific equation. This model was compared with established 3GPP models to evaluate the feasibility of deploying private 5G networks in agricultural settings. The unique environmental conditions within greenhouses, which can significantly affect signal performance, were considered. The results highlight key differences between the measured propagation characteristics and standard 3GPP models, emphasizing the need for tailored adjustments to optimize 5G deployments in controlled agricultural environments. These findings offer valuable insights for future 5G applications in precision agriculture.