Sustainable nanotechnology for food preservation: Synthesis, mechanisms, and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, with their unique physicochemical properties and potent antimicrobial activity, have emerged as promising materials in diverse applications, particularly in food preservation and packaging. This review summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and applications of ZnO nanoparticles, highlighting their critical role in enhancing food safety and shelf life. Traditional methods like solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis provide control over nanoparticle properties but pose challenges in environmental impact and sustainable processing. Green synthesis methods, using plant extracts and microbes, offer eco-friendly alternatives that enhance both biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. ZnO nanoparticles demonstrate multifaceted antimicrobial mechanisms, encompassing the generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane disruption, and the release of zinc ions. Their integration into biopolymer films improves the mechanical strength, barrier properties, and biofunctional efficacy of packaging materials. However, challenges such as nanoparticle migration, cytotoxicity, and environmental safety necessitate rigorous risk assessments and advanced surface modification strategies. This review emphasizes the importance of standardizing synthesis methods, enhancing nanoparticle-film interactions, and developing regulatory frameworks to ensure safety. Advancing sustainable nanotechnology and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration are key to unlocking the potential of ZnO-infused systems for global food preservation, meeting the increasing consumer demands for safety and sustainability. Future research should focus on scalable green synthesis methods, comprehensive toxicological assessments, and the integration of ZnO nanoparticles into innovative packaging solutions that balance functionality and safety. • Eco-friendly ZnO nanoparticles enhance food safety and extend shelf life. • Green synthesis minimizes environmental impact and enhances ZnO efficacy. • ZnO antimicrobial mechanism involves ROS, ion release, and membrane disruption. • ZnO nanocomposites offer solutions for food shelf life and safety studies. • Advanced safety and regulatory strategies are required for ZnO migration.