Efficacy of Fenugreek in Mitigating Renal Impairment, Dyslipidemia, and Oxidative Stress in a Diabetic Rat Model

Type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) often leads to renal dysfunction, necessitating novel therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and Trigonella foenum- graecum (TFG) extract on glucose level, kidney function, lipid profile, and antioxidants in diabetic-induced rats, with a focus on its potential therapeutic role in mitigating diabetes-related complications accompanied with histological examination of kidney tissues in rat models of T2DM. Forty adult Wister albino rats were divided into five groups as follows: Group I (non-diabetic control group); Group II (diabetic control group); Group III (diabetic rats treated with ZnO NPs); Group IV (diabetic rats treated with TFG); Group V (diabetic rats treated with the combination of TFG and ZnO NPs). Biochemical parameters such as Glucose (GLU), Uric acid (UA), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine (CR), Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol (CHOL), High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Catalase (CAT) along with histological investigation for renal tissue. Treatment with TFG, ZnO NPs, and their combination exhibited a significant decrease in serum glucose (GLU) level, revised lipid profile to normalcy, reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced the histological pattern for kidney tissue, highlighting their therapeutic potential. These findings suggest that ZnO NPs and TFG extract significantly improve glucose metabolism, lipid profile, renal function, and oxidative stress in T2DM