Geological and geotechnical risk assessment of Saqqara and Memphis morpho-archeological models, Western Nile Bank, Egypt

Saqqara and Memphis are Ancient Egyptian archaeological sites that are world heritage sites. Due to ongoing concerns from natural hazards and human activity, preservation is essential. This study proposes a comprehensive environmental management approach to minimize or prevent further damage to the monuments. This strategy is particularly important given the anticipated impacts of climate change and is based on a new risk assessment model. Most similar Egyptian archaeological sites are located in the Nile floodplain or on nearby hills and plateaus. Field observations developed two archaeological models: the "Saqqara hilly desert model" and the "Memphis flood plain model." Each model has distinct geomorphological and geoenvironmental characteristics. Key methods for categorizing risk levels in each model included bedrock investigation, foundation soils, environmental hazards, and detection of anthropogenic changes. The discussion focused on influential risk factors and their environmental consequences to determine the most suitable management approach. This study emphasizes damage prevention over traditional conservation and restoration methods for monuments. It advocates designing effective drainage systems, reducing air pollution, and utilizing geotechnical databases to mitigate risks like salt weathering, potential liquefaction, and wind erosion.