PUFA from microalgae: Challenges, factors affecting high production and industrial application

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are widely recognised for their significant health benefits, driving increased demand across various industries. Clinical and epidemiological studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of key PUFAs, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Currently, marine fish and terrestrial plants serve as the primary commercial sources of PUFAs. However, the sustainability of marine fish supplies is challenged by overfishing and competing demands for protein, while low yields and large land requirements limit terrestrial plant-derived PUFAs. As a result, microalgae have emerged as a promising alternative source of PUFAs due to their high accumulation potential, ease of cultivation, and independence from arable land or freshwater resources. This review explores the advantages of microalgae as biofactories for PUFA production and discusses advancements in optimising culture conditions to enhance yields. Key microalgal species with high PUFA content are identified, alongside an analysis of the chemical and physical factors influencing PUFA biosynthesis. The industrial applications of microalgae-derived PUFAs in aquaculture, food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals are reviewed, along with an evaluation of the challenges and limitations faced by commercial-scale production. Finally, the potential prospects of microalgae PUFAs are addressed, offering insights to meet growing market demands sustainably.