Seasonal El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole Dependencies of Methane Emissions From Wetlands

Abstract Wetlands are a significant natural source of methane (CH 4 ), and their emissions are highly sensitive to climatic variability. This study investigated the impact of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events on wetland CH 4 emission anomalies based on a model simulation data set from 1980 to 2022. Results showed El Niño reduced CH 4 emission anomalies, whereas La Niña increased them. Both ENSO and IOD phases greatly altered climatic variables, which in turn affected CH 4 emission anomalies. The global mean sensitivities of CH 4 emission anomalies to ENSO and IOD were −0.17 and −0.08 mg CH 4 m −2 month −1 , respectively, which exhibited pronounced temporal and spatial variability, mainly driven by soil moisture and temperature. This study underscored the pronounced temporal and spatial variability of CH 4 emission anomalies under ENSO and IOD phases, which would improve the accuracy of predictive CH 4 models and inform strategies for mitigating climate change.