Analysis of Market Structure and Competitiveness of Indonesian Pepper Exports Against Vietnam, China, The United States and Germany

Indonesia is one of the largest pepper producers in the world. Indonesia's pepper exports are mostly destined for Viet Nam for re-export purposes. Therefore, the government supports direct exports to major countries such as the United States, Germany, and China. The competition in the world pepper trade is very tight, judging from the intensity of the countries that are included in the world pepper trade. This study aims to determine the market competition structure and competitiveness of Indonesia's pepper exports for the 2003-2022 period. The method used is descriptive statistics. The analyses used in this study were the Hircshman-Herfindahl Index (HHI), Concentration Ratio (CRn), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), and Export Product Dynamic (EPD). The results of the analysis show that the pepper market structure in Vietnam, China, the US, and Germany is in the form of an oligopoly with high market concentration. The RSCA value of Indonesia's pepper is greater than that of Brazil. This means that Indonesia has a comparative advantage and is highly competitive. Meanwhile, China's EPD value shows the position of the Rising Star. Viet Nam and the US show the position of Lost Opportunity. Meanwhile, Germany showed the position of Retreat.