Soil Pollution: Sources, Effects, and Mitigation Strategies

Soil pollution is a growing global concern, directly affecting soil health, agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. It results from various anthropogenic and natural activities, leading to the contamination of soil with toxic chemicals, waste, and pathogens. Key sources of soil pollution include industrial activities, agricultural practices, urbanization, and improper waste disposal. Pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, plastics, and pathogens have severe effects on the soil ecosystem, reducing its fertility, biodiversity, and productivity. Furthermore, soil pollution poses significant health risks, such as food contamination and water pollution, and contributes to environmental degradation. This review discusses the sources of soil pollution, the types of pollutants, their impacts on soil and human health, and potential mitigation strategies, including preventive measures, bioremediation techniques, and soil restoration practices. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for integrated efforts at local, national, and global levels to combat soil pollution for sustainable development.