INVESTIGATING pH-DEPENDENT CHEMICAL CO-PRECIPITATION SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SnO₂ NANOPARTICLES: A MULTI-CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

Nanomaterials have attracted significant attention owing to their diverse applications across multiple domains. With its distinct mechanical and chemical properties, tin oxide (SnO 2 ) has emerged as a notable n-type wide bandgap semiconductor among other nanomaterials used in gas sensing devices. This research employed a chemical co-precipitation approach at various pH levels to synthesize SnO 2 nanoparticles. The effects of different values of pH were investigated on the compositional, structural, optical, and morphological properties of pure SnO 2 nanoparticles. XRD, SEM, FTIR, EDAX, and PL spectroscopy techniques were employed to analyze the synthesized samples. XRD was used as a structural characterization technique which provided information about the crystallographic orientation, structure of crystal, and phase-purity of the nanoparticles. SEM was employed to visualize the morphology which helped to understand the size, shape, surface features, and distribution of the nanoparticles. EDAX was used to analyze the chemical purity and elemental composition. PL spectroscopy was employed to study the light emission behavior of the SnO 2 nanoparticles. FTIR was used to study the chemical bonds and vibrational modes present in these nanoparticles which provided information about the functional groups and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles.