Review of the Application of HAPA Theory in Orthopedic Postoperative Patients

The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), developed by German psychologist Schwarzer in the 1980s, provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and influencing health behavior change. By dividing behavior change into three dynamic stages—pre-intention, intention, and action—HAPA highlights the critical role of self-efficacy as a driving force in adopting healthier behaviors. This stage-based approach addresses the limitations of continuous health behavior models by emphasizing individual differentiation and recognizing that behavior change is not linear but progresses through distinct phases. HAPA theory has demonstrated significant potential in clinical applications, particularly in orthopedic postoperative patients. Its implementation facilitates the development of positive behavioral intentions, enhances self-efficacy, and supports sustained health action, ultimately improving patients’ health outcomes and quality of life. Tailored interventions based on HAPA stages ensure that patients receive appropriate guidance and support throughout their recovery journey. Despite its successes, limitations remain. Future research should focus on expanding the application of HAPA to various orthopedic conditions and developing more targeted behavioral plans and health education programs to optimize patient rehabilitation. Additionally, further exploration is needed to sustain HAPA’s effectiveness during long-term recovery. Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration and integrating HAPA with other theoretical models could create a more comprehensive health behavior education system, providing robust support for orthopedic patients and advancing their overall recovery and well-being.