Enhancing Justice Collaborator Regulations in Indonesia: a Legal Framework for Strengthening Criminal Justice and Achieving SDG 16

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the philosophical foundation, regulatory challenges, and the ideal framework for Justice Collaborator (JC) regulation in Indonesia’s criminal law system. The significance of JC lies in its crucial role in uncovering major crimes such as corruption, narcotics, and organized crime, yet its legal framework remains ambiguous and faces numerous challenges. Methodology: This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, case-based, and conceptual approaches. Data analysis is conducted through a qualitative descriptive-analytical method. Findings: The study finds that JC regulation in Indonesia is grounded in restorative justice, utilitarianism, law enforcement effectiveness, and Pancasila values. However, key challenges include the absence of lex specialis, legal uncertainty, and inadequate legal protection for JCs. The ideal regulatory framework should establish a strong legal foundation, ensure clear and transparent criteria and procedures, and provide comprehensive protection, including physical, legal, and psychological safeguards for JCs and their families. Research Implications: This study contributes to the strengthening of criminal justice systems and supports Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, by advocating for legal clarity, enhanced witness protection, and more effective law enforcement mechanisms. Originality/Value: This research highlights the urgent need for a structured and protective legal framework for Justice Collaborators, reinforcing accountability and fairness in criminal justice, particularly in combating high-impact crimes.