The first proven case of aflatoxin poisoning of dogs in Serbia

Abstract Aflatoxins, secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Aspergillus genus, are well-documented as contaminants in the food chain, posing significant risks to various species. However, data on aflatoxin poisoning in pets, specifically dogs, remains limited. The aim of this case report is to raise awareness about the susceptibility of dogs to aflatoxins and highlight the need for stricter control and responsibility from all stakeholders, from feed manufacturers to dog owners. This is particularly critical given the absence of specific regulations regarding aflatoxins in pet food. The report describes an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in three dog shelters in Serbia, involving 19 affected mongrel dogs that died within few days of the onset of symptoms, making it one of the most severe cases on record. The affected dogs initially showed sudden jaundice, characterised by a yellow discoloration of the oral mucosa, without any preceding behavioural changes or obvious signs of health issues. Over the following days, symptoms progressed to include loss of appetite, polydipsia, apathy, and depression. Abdominal swelling developed, followed by bloody diarrhoea and melena, ultimately leading to death. Blood biochemical analyses revealed a significant increase in liver enzyme activity. Despite symptomatic treatment attempts by veterinarians, all affected dogs died. Postmortem examination revealed massive haemorrhage, icterus, and ascites as the most conspicuous findings. Microscopic examination of liver tissue disclosed fibrosis and necrotic areas. In light of the clinical and pathological evidence, samples of dog food from the shelters were tested for aflatoxin content. Commercial dry dog food, which had been used for more than two months, was found to contain an average aflatoxin level of 150 μg/kg. This is the first confirmed case of chronic aflatoxicosis in dogs in Serbia, which culminated in fatal liver failure.