Utilizing of Flaxseed on Rumen Digestion, Some Physiological Traits, and Milk Yield

Flaxseeds are one of the potential oil seeds packed with excellent amount of nutrition and possess various health benefits. Interestingly, flax seeds' health benefits are mainly attributed to the omega-3 fatty acids, lignans and fiber they contain. It is used in different forms, such as whole and flour.This review provides an overview of the impact of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on various aspects of health, including its effects on fermentation, volatile fatty acids, digestibility, milk yield, physiological action, ovarian and reproductive state, folliculogenesis, in vitro fertilization (IVF) performance, reproductive hormones, embryo production, and plasma and glucose levels in dairy cows. The impacts could be evaluated by flaxseed lignin, alpha-linoleic acid, and their derivatives. Flaxseed is abundant in α-linoleic acid (ALA) and can potentially enhance omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the milk of dairy cows. Nevertheless, the impact of various forms of flaxseed supplementation on rumen fermentation remains uncertain. Various intracellular signaling pathways, binding proteins, receptors, metabolic and reproductive hormones, and their overall behavior might be affected by alterations. Flaxseed oil did not affect the pH and NH3-N levels in the rumen. Additionally, consuming flaxseed may offer health advantages for humans. Their actions can be mediated by a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, including protein kinases, transcription factors that control cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and malignant transformation; alterations in general metabolism; reproductive and metabolic hormones; and receptors. The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the nutritional profile, health benefits, value-added products, and toxicity of flaxseeds.