A Comprehensive Analysis of Battery Ageing and SOC Estimating Techniques in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Future Directions

Electric vehicles have seen a significant rise in popularity in the last few decades, largely because of growing concerns over emissions of greenhouse gases, climate change, and the exhaustion of fossil fuels. As highly efficient and high-performing alternatives, EVs play a crucial role in reducing CO2 emissions within the automotive sector. The battery is at the heart of EV operation, with the Battery Management System (BMS) being a key component that ensures optimal functionality. This paper provides a focused review of essential BMS advancements, specifically state-estimation methods, aging process, aging characterization, and the itself. Aging of battery, which reduces capacity over time regardless of usage, poses a major challenge in practical applications. Therefore, this review explores into current research on Li-ion battery lifespan and state estimation techniques across various domains. It also provides a detailed analysis of key battery state indicators. By offering a comprehensive overview of current state estimation techniques for Li-ion batteries, this work aims to identify new research opportunities, guide the development of commercial models, and support future advancements in this rapidly evolving field.