Performance assessment of the HERD calorimeter with a photo-diode read-out system for high-energy electron beams
Abstract The measurement of cosmic rays at energies exceeding 100 TeV per nucleon is crucial for enhancing the understanding of high-energy particle propagation and acceleration models in the Galaxy. HERD is a space-borne calorimetric experiment that aims to extend the current direct measurements of cosmic rays to unexplored energies, such as protons exceeding one PeV. The payload is scheduled to be installed on the Chinese Space Station in 2027. The primary peculiarity of the instrument is its capability to measure particles coming from all directions, with the main detector being a deep, homogeneous, 3D calorimeter. The active elements are read out using two independent systems: one based on wavelength shifter fibers coupled to CMOS cameras, and the other based on photo-diodes read-out with custom front-end electronics. A large calorimeter prototype was tested in 2023 during an extensive beam test campaign at CERN. In this paper, the performance of the calorimeter for high-energy electron beams, as obtained from the photo-diode system data, is presented. The prototype demonstrated excellent performance, e.g., an energy resolution better than 1% for electrons at 250 G e V. A comparison between beam test data and Monte Carlo simulation data is also presented.
Authors
- M. Duranti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0980-6425)
- C. Díaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5931-2709)
- G. Ambrosi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6977-9559)
- M. Scaringella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-2832)
- Xiaodong Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9142-5666)
- V. Bonvicini
- G. Silvestre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8613-3343)
- Zheng Quan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3256-4199)
- S. Detti
- O. Starodubtsev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-4884)
- F. Gargano
- R. Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-2333)
- N. Finetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2004-8955)
- D. Cerasole
- Xiaohong Cui
- Y. Jiang
- Yifan Dong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3155-6437)
- I. Cagnoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-5914)
- M. Bongi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6050-1937)
- J. J. Qin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5146-0756)
- P. Papini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4718-2895)
- R. Pillera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3808-963X)
- Jinwei Gao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4545-1126)
- E. Berti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5841-7760)
- L. Pacini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-9396)
- J. Casaus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-3610)
- V. Formato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8921-3832)
- A. Tiberio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-8844)
- J. Zheng
- G. Zampa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-4469)
- D. Serini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-6530)
- Liting Lyu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-9182)
- G. Bigongiari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-0826)
- P. Betti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-165X)
- N. Zampa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-993X)
- L. Silveri
- M. Velasco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1960-810X)
- Song Guo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-2313)
- Congwei Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-0926)
- Zhijun Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-0667)
- F. Giovacchini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-657X)
- M. Antonelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3400-6710)
- Xiaohong Bai
- Dawei Shi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-7502)
- C. Pizzolotto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0200-2408)
- E. Vannuccini
- Naoto Mori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-9518)
- L. Di Venere (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-824X)
- Xin Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4384-1876)
- Zhe Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-4481)
- Weiran Cao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-9028)
- A. Oliva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3238-9498)
- J. Marín (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9049-3667)
- M. Barbanera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-3341)
- Menglin Xu
- S. Bottai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-8600)
- Bo Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-8684)
- R. D’Alessandro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7997-0306)
- O. Adriani
- X. Tang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-8967)
- T. Bao
- Yonglin Bai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7695-6696)
- G. Martinez
- R. Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6690-0166)
- S. Zhang
- X. Liang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-9103)
- Jianping Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7127-869X)
Institutions
- University of Siena (IT)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- University of L'Aquila (IT)
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (IT)
- Institute of High Energy Physics (CN)
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics (CN)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (IT)
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Polytechnic University of Bari (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Instrumentation
- Published
- 2025-02-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/02/p02015
- Citations
- 4
- Primary Topic
- Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 7.48