Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a severe cardiovascular disorder marked by the obstruction of the pulmonary arteries by blood clots, frequently developed after deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Affecting over 900,000 individuals per year in the United States, pulmonary embolism ranks as the third most common cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Potential risk factors include extended periods of immobility, surgical procedures, specific medical disorders, such as cancer, and the utilization of contraception or hormone medication. Manifestations such as abrupt dyspnea, angina, and vertigo require urgent medical intervention. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism includes imaging studies, such as CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and bloodwork. The usual treatment protocol involves using anticoagulants, thrombolytics, and occasionally surgical procedures, such as catheter-assisted thrombus removal or inferior vena cava filters. Preventive measures predominantly target the reduction of blood clot risk by using anticoagulants, prompt postoperative mobility, and elevation of the legs. Considering its seriousness, timely identification and therapy significantly decrease mortality associated with pulmonary embolism.