Comprehensive nonlinear optical characterization of otolith crystals from <i>Pomadasys maculatus</i> for laser applications

In this study, natural crystalline material collected from the head of the Pomadasys maculatus fishes are characterized for their potential applications in various fields including laser optics. Interestingly, the natural otolith crystals exhibit two-photon absorption-induced optical limiting characteristics under Nd:YAG laser excitation. The optical limiting threshold for otolith crystals was found to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W/m 2 . The presence of Calcium (Ca), Copper (Cu), Potassium (K), and Sodium (Na) is confirmed by ICP-OES analysis. The presence of Ca is primarily from the functional group of otolith that was found on the surface of otolith. From the GCMS analysis, 25 compounds were found in the methanol extract of otolith. The magnetic property of Pomadasys maculatus fish sample was analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The decomposition/mass loss over a temperature was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and also the endo and exothermic event temperatures and phase transitions were observed from Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA).