Power Extraction in Photovoltaic Systems using P&O-Based MPPT with DC-DC Buck Converter Integration

Solar energy is an abundant, renewable resource that offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Photovoltaic (PV) systems, which convert sunlight into electricity, have gained global prominence due to technological advancements and decreasing costs. A typical PV system consists of solar panels, inverters, and energy storage. However, the efficiency of these systems is affected by variable sunlight and temperature conditions. Maximum Power Point Tracking technology works as an optimization tool for solar panel operations by finding their maximum operational efficiency. The research examines solar panel modeling together with MPPT algorithms and buck converter implementation for energy management between solar panels and storage systems. Simulations based on MATLAB/Simulink evaluated the performance output of a two-stage PV system which integrated an MPPT-controlled buck converter for performance assessment. The system evaluation results demonstrate its analysis of maximum power point while monitoring various conditions that optimize energy efficiency through irradiance and temperature variations. Off-grid and hybrid systems require energy storage according to research findings which demonstrates both lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries as options. The paper explores solar energy integration challenges alongside methods to use advanced energy conversion systems and smart grid systems for enhancing future performance. The study highlights solar energy promising potential to be a key player in the global shift toward renewable energy. The simulation results further validate the system's strong performance, confirming its effectiveness in supporting this transition.