Evaluation of pomological traits and fatty acid profile of almond (Prunus dulcis L. [Mill.] D.A. Webb) genotypes grown in Yozgat province

Abstract This study evaluated the pomological traits, oil content, and fatty acid profile of ten almond ( Prunus dulcis L. [Mill.] D.A. Webb) genotypes naturally growing in the Yozgat region (Türkiye). Significant phenotypic variability at the 1% probability level was observed among the genotypes. Nut weights ranged from 0.70 to 5.10 g, while kernel weights varied between 0.15 and 0.83 g. The kernel-to-shell ratio ranged from 23.14 to 39.21%, with Genotype 4 exhibiting the highest kernel oil content (49.04%) and oleic acid levels (64.06%). Fatty acid analysis revealed oleic acid as the dominant component, followed by linoleic acid (23.32–38.90%) and palmitic acid (6.11–7.92%). Multivariate and principal component analyses (PCA) emphasized genetic variability, grouping genotypes based on key traits such as oil content, fatty acid composition, and kernel characteristics. For instance, Genotype 4 was closely associated with high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, while Genotype 3 exhibited elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels. This study highlights the genetic potential of local almond genotypes, such as G4 and G3, for breeding programs targeting high-oil quality. The results underscore the importance of preserving almond genetic diversity in the Yozgat region for sustainable cultivation and future breeding initiatives.