Trans-catheter aortic valve implantation in a patient with membranous ventricular septal defect, sub-aortic band, and double-chambered right ventricle: a case report

Trans-catheter aortic valve implantation using a valve skirt may be considered in a situation where a high-risk patient is inoperable and VSD closure devices are unavailable. To complete this procedure safely, meticulous pre-procedural evaluation and accurate positioning using trans-oesophageal echocardiogram are required.