Isolation and purification techniques for bioactive compounds from Nigerian medicinal plants and their therapeutic applications

Nigerian medicinal plants are renowned for their therapeutic potential, which is attributed to a variety of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. This review aims to explore and summarize key bioactive constituents, therapeutic uses, and advanced extraction and purification techniques of six prominent Nigerian medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica (Neem), Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola), Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaf), Ocimum gratissimum (Scent Leaf), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger). A comprehensive analysis of recent literature was conducted to evaluate the selected plants' therapeutic applications and isolation methods. Extraction techniques such as column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and steam distillation were reviewed for their effectiveness in isolating key bioactive compounds. Azadirachta indica (Neem) contains azadirachtin and nimbin, which are anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) features Kolaviron, which effectively treats respiratory and inflammatory conditions. Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) includes vernodalin and vernolide, known for their antimalarial and antimicrobial properties. Ocimum gratissimum (Scent Leaf) provides eugenol and thymol, which are effective against antimicrobial and inflammatory issues. Allium sativum (Garlic) contains allicin, renowned for its antimicrobial action. Finally, Zingiber officinale (Ginger) includes ginger and Shogaol, which are useful for alleviating nausea and inflammation. Advanced extraction and purification techniques are crucial for ensuring the efficacy and safety of bioactive compounds from these medicinal plants. Ongoing research and adherence to regulatory standards are essential to optimize therapeutic applications and minimize potential risks. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern healthcare practices will enhance the utilization and acceptance of these plants.