On the Perturbed Friedmann Equations in Newtonian Gauge
Based on Newtonian mechanics, in this article, we present a heuristic derivation of the Friedmann equations, providing an intuitive foundation for these fundamental relations in cosmology. Additionally, using the first law of thermodynamics and Euler’s equation, we derive a set of equations that, at linear order, coincide with those obtained from the conservation of the stress-energy tensor in general relativity. This approach not only highlights the consistency between Newtonian and relativistic frameworks in certain limits, but also serves as a pedagogical bridge, offering insights into the physical principles underlying the dynamics of the universe.
Authors
- Supriya Pan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9500-401X)
- Jaume de Haro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-2405)
- E. Elizalde (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-8930)
Institutions
- Institute of Space Sciences (ES)
- Presidency University (IN)
- Durban University of Technology (ZA)
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ES)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Universe
- Published
- 2025-02-13
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11020064
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.31
Funders
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación