Multifunctional gradient‐layer woven lattice truss sandwich panels with energy absorption, bending resistance, and sound insulation

Abstract In this study, three distinct multifunctional gradient‐layer woven lattice truss sandwich panels (M‐G‐WLTS) were designed, fabricated, and tested for rail transit applications. The M‐G‐WLTS were engineered with discrete core piles and varying thicknesses to achieve enhanced multifunctional performance. A cost‐effective vacuum infusion and multi‐layer co‐curing process technique was employed during the fabrication of the M‐G‐WLTS. A comprehensive analysis of the acoustic and mechanical properties of M‐G‐WLTS was conducted through a variety of experimental methods, including flatwise compression tests, three‐point bending tests, and sound insulation evaluations. Results showed that T3 M‐G‐WLTS absorbed energy more effectively than T1 but was outperformed by T2. Additionally, peak loads and specific peak loads indicated that T3 exhibited superior bending capabilities. The thicker M‐G‐WLTS T3 achieved a weighted sound insulation rating of 26.1 dB, exceeding T2 by 5.1 dB and T1 by 3.9 dB. This study confirms the viability of M‐G‐WLTS for rail transit systems that provide enhanced energy absorption, bending capacity, and effective acoustic insulation. Highlights Gradient‐layer woven lattice truss sandwich panels were designed and tested. The proposed M‐G‐WLTS demonstrates superior mechanical and acoustic properties. Gradient‐layer design enhances the bearing capacity and sound insulation. Utilizing small gradients facilitates the absorption of structural energy.