Validation of Computational Methods for Free-Water Jet Diffusion and Pressure Dynamics in a Plunge Pool

This study investigates the numerical modeling of a high-velocity circular free-water jet impinging into a plunge pool, focusing on the simulation and validation of mean and fluctuating dynamic pressures on the pool floor. Numerical simulations were performed using two different computation methods, two-phase volume-of-fluid and Euler–Euler, under conditions replicating experimental data obtained at a jet velocity of 7.4 m/s and plunge pool depth of 0.8 m. The models, based respectively on the Volume of Fluid (VoF) and Euler–Euler methods, were evaluated for accuracy in replicating experimentally measured pressures and air concentration values. The Euler–Euler solver, coupled with the k-Omega SST turbulence model, demonstrated mesh independence for mean dynamic pressures with a mesh resolution of 24 cells across the jet diameter. In contrast, two-phase volume-of-fluid exhibited mesh dependency, particularly near the jet stagnation point and pressure values higher than the experimental ones. While the Euler–Euler accurately captured mean pressures and air concentration in close agreement with experimental data, its Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) formulation limited its ability to simulate pressure fluctuations directly. To approximate these fluctuations, turbulent kinetic energy values were used to derive empirical estimates, yielding results consistent with experimental measurements. This study demonstrates the efficacy of the Euler–Euler method with the k-Omega SST model in accurately capturing key dynamic pressures and air entrainment in plunge pools while highlighting opportunities for future work on pressure fluctuation modeling across a broader range of jet conditions.