On the issue of the multidirectional evolution of the lobbing phenomenon

Th is article continues series of publications by the author dedicated to the nature and functions of lobbying in the modern world. Th e author considers lobbying as a multifaceted phenomenon that has gone through a long process of evolution. Th e author suggests looking at lobbying in a historical perspective to show how its genesis was integrated into the logic of the development of the modern state and the market, simultaneously demonstrating why the dysfunctional side of lobbying was always a natural side-eff ect. In the article, the author proposes an innovative periodization of the evolution of lobbying, thus fi lling the gap in Russian political comparative studies in general and in the study of lobbying in particular. Th e author, relying on the logic of Arthur Bentley, shows that lobbying in various forms was inherent in polities and states at diff erent times. However, as the structure of states changed and became more complex, the role of lobbying changed as well. At the same time, the author demonstrates why lobbying remains a largely shadow phenomenon that requires close attention both from the point of view of its further institutionalization and the risks it poses to society and the state. In the conclusions of the article, the author emphasizes that in order to transform lobbying from an informal and illegitimate phenomenon in the public consciousness into a civilized process of interaction between the state and society, the priority should be given to developing a lobbying culture. It is necessary to develop a system of ethical standards for both business and the state, create a professional standard for lobbyists, and continue to improve anti-corruption legislation. But the most important thing is to shift the focus from lobbying based on private interests to lobbying that would refl ect public interests. Only in such way will it be possible to cleanse lobbying of the aura of constant scandals and dishonesty, instead turning it into a normal element of the political process