Monkeypox immunity: A landscape of host-virus interactions, vaccination strategies, and future research horizons

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of monkeypox (mpox), which is a viral zoonotic disease similar to smallpox. It is currently a re-emerging and a cause of global concern for human health. The emergence has been attributed to the decrease in vaccination rates due to the eradication of smallpox disease, as well as a decrease in the immune response to MPXV. Multiple insights into the immune response to the virus and personalized vaccination based on the immune system of the individual may help to elucidate the prevention of this disease. This review discusses the immune response of the host following the infection of the virus and the ability of the virus to evade this immune system. Various vaccines that have already been developed or vaccines at developing stages to prevent this disease have also been developed. However, in addition, future directions include monitoring the disease, particularly in endemic regions, to prevent its spread in non-endemic regions.