Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response and Its Prominent Suppression by Paspalum thunbergii Extract

The extract of <i>Paspalum thunbergii</i>, a native perennial herb in Korea belonging to the rice family, was investigated for its anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying mechanisms driving its effects. Fifteen chemical components of the <i>P. thunbergii</i> extract, including rosmarinic acid and isoquercitrin, were identified using LC-MS. The extract showed antioxidative activity through DPPH and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity. The <i>P. thunbergii</i> extract significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The extract inhibited the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2, which are inflammation-related enzymes. To explore the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism, the expression levels of signal proteins related to MAPK, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were measured. As a result, the <i>P. thunbergii</i> extract inhibited the expression of p-p38, and p-JNK increased by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, it decreased the expression of LPS-induced p-IKKβ and p-NF-κB p65 and prevented the migration of p-NF-κB into the nucleus caused by LPS. Notably, p-JAK1, p-STAT3, Wnt 3α, β-catenin, and p-GSK-3β protein expressions were also inhibited. Therefore, the prominent anti-inflammatory activity of the <i>P. thunbergii</i> extract may be via the MAPK, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway.