Node Coverage and Connectivity Optimization in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Using Improved Flower Pollination Algorithm

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) rely on energy-conserving routing protocols due to the limited power and communication capabilities. The LEACH protocol has seen extensive usage despite its homogeneous network foundation, leads inadequate signal coverage. To solve the issue, this research proposes an improved flower pollination algorithm (IFPA) improves flower pollination algorithm (FPA) addresses issues with slow convergence and local optima. This research presents an enhanced clustering technique that may be utilized in heterogeneous sensor networks. Its main feature is the ability to adjust the status of data transmission. Once the observed information intensity above the predefined threshold, the data transmission connection is initiated and data is sent to the sink by the cluster heads, which filter the perceived information. Otherwise, cluster nodes keep track of the data and wait for the next batch of nodes to provide data. The good news is that the simulation results show a network lifespan that is several times longer than the LEACH protocol. The IFPA method stands out because it increases coverage rates while drastically decreasing the cost of deploying networks. As a result, the suggested method might find many uses, helping to lower costs and improve the performance of wireless sensor networks.