First observations of edge instabilities in strongly shaped negative triangularity plasmas on DIII-D

Abstract Throughout the 2023 DIII-D negative triangularity (NT) campaign, unexpected magnetic fluctuations indicative of an edge localized instability were observed in the majority of strongly shaped ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.55</mml:mn> <mml:mtext>⩽</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>⩽</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.45</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) discharges. Moreover, these same fluctuations were found to be absent in weaker NT plasma shapes. Based on a database study, three separate mode behaviors are observed based primarily on the edge safety factor <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>95</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and normalized plasma beta <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The main regime is the bursty state, in which short ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ms) magnetic bursts occur every 5–10 ms. Each burst drives a small reduction in the edge electron temperature ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) as measured by electron cyclotron emissions (ECE), which then rapidly recovers between the bursts. The quiescent regime appears to have governing mechanics similar to the bursty regime, but with multiple unique mode signatures observed in the magnetics. These additional modes greatly reduce the bursty nature of the plasma. Finally, a saturated state is observed in a number of discharges, particularly at early time slices. The saturated regime is often short-lived (maximum 500 ms), but can have a large impact on the dynamics of the plasma edge region, causing significant drops in electron temperature as observed in the ECE diagnostic. 2D ECE imaging (ECE-I) is utilized, showing large kink-like perturbations localized near the last closed flux surface that extend into the SOL indicative of an external kink/peeling behavior. Additionally, evidence of phase mixing and observed tearing-parity perturbations localized near the edge rational surfaces is observed in the quiescent regime plasmas. The various modes do not appear to have a large impact on global confinement but may play a role in regulating the transport of the NT edge and the observed edge gradients.