Profiling nano-titanium dioxide use in Singapore: a survey of practices, quantities, and workers

Background: Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), particularly nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), are increasingly utilized across diverse industries. However, limited data exist regarding potential worker exposure to nano-TiO2 in Singapore. Objectives: This study aimed to (i) quantify the usage trends of nano-TiO2 and identify relevant industrial sectors in Singapore, (ii) characterize the forms of nano-TiO2 utilized in industrial applications, and (iii) estimate the number of workers potentially exposed to nano-TiO2 across industrial sectors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 65 companies identified as potentially involved with nanomaterials. The survey collected data on nano-TiO2 usage patterns, quantities handled, and worker exposure potential. Results: Eleven companies (17%) participated in the study. Nano-TiO2 was found to be used in various forms (solid, powder, aerosol/liquid) across diverse sectors, including research and development, manufacturing, and construction. Monthly handling amounts ranged from 0.2 to 50 kg for dry nano-TiO2, with some companies using suspensions in larger volumes (20–300 l/month). The number of workers potentially handling nano-TiO2 per company ranged from 2 to 20. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive overview of nano-TiO2 usage and potential exposure in Singapore’s industrial landscape. The findings highlight the need for proactive measures to ensure worker safety as the field of nanotechnology continues to evolve.