Different approaches to Spanish e-government: From use to impact

This paper examines the factors that determine the use of e-government services in Spain. It identifies key determinants, including e-services usage synergies, e-trust, e-skills and socio-demographic determinants of e-government use as an outcome of a logit model with national data from 2023. The main results highlight the key role of ICT skills, confidence in technology and the quality of Internet connectivity, revealing significant disparities between socio-economic groups. Meanwhile, it explores the second and third levels of the digital divide, with a special focus on the information and ICT domain and its effective application, analysing the penetration and main uses of e-government in Spain. Policy recommendations call for the enhancement of digital literacy, the fostering of trust in e-government and the improvement of Internet access for vulnerable populations to promote inclusive digital governance. • Identifies key factors influencing e-government adoption in Spain. • Provides an updated framework to understand the diverse levels of the digital divide. • ICT skills, e-trust and internet quality for effective e-government participation. • Points out socio-economic disparities in e-government usage. • Recommends strategies to bridge the digital divide.