Analysis of local and systemic side effects of bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy in bladder cancer: a retrospective study in Türkiye

BCG immunotherapy is an effective treatment method for NMIBC; however, the adverse effects that occur during treatment must be closely monitored. Elevated AST levels, the presence of specific pathogens in urine cultures, and the number of BCG doses administered are significant factors that increase the risk of adverse effects. These findings highlight the necessity for more careful monitoring throughout the treatment process.