Tumour budding in invasive ductal breast carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological prognostic parameters and hormone receptor status

Peripheral tumour budding (PTB) is significantly associated with several poor prognostic factors in IBC NST, while intra-tumoral budding (ITB) correlates primarily with axillary lymph node involvement. Tumor budding, particularly PTB, could serve as an important prognostic marker in breast cancer. Further research is needed to standardize tumour budding assessment in clinical practice.