Balanced truncation with conformal maps

We consider the problem of constructing reduced models for large scale systems with poles in general domains in the complex plane (as opposed to, e.g., the open left-half plane or the open unit disk). Our goal is to design a model reduction scheme, building upon theoretically established methodologies, yet encompassing this new class of models. To this aim, we develop a balanced truncation framework through conformal maps to handle poles in general domains. The major difference from classical balanced truncation resides in the formulation of the Gramians. We show that these new Gramians can still be computed by solving modified Lyapunov equations for specific conformal maps. A numerical algorithm to perform balanced truncation with conformal maps is developed and is tested on three numerical examples, namely a heat model, the Schrödinger equation, and the undamped linear wave equation, the latter two having spectra on the imaginary axis.