Triterpenoids from leaves of <i>Paramignya trimera</i> with their alpha-glucosidase inhibition: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> aspects

From the leaves of <i>Paramignya trimera</i>, a new C₂₃-noreuphane-type triterpenoid, paramignyene (<b>1</b>), together with four known triterpenoids, kansenone (<b>2</b>), eupha-8,25-diene-3<i>β</i>,24-diol-7-one (<b>3</b>), eupha-7,25-diene-3,24-diol (<b>4</b>), and <i>β</i>-sitosterol (<b>5</b>), were isolated and structurally elucidated. Paramignyene (<b>1</b>) represents the first C₂₃-noreuphane-type triterpenoid in nature. Their chemical structures were established using comprehensive spectroscopic data (1D- and 2D-NMR and HRESIMS). All isolated compounds were evaluated for their alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Only compounds <b>4</b> and <b>5</b> exhibited moderate activity, with IC₅₀ values of 86 and 220 µM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis elucidates the inhibitory mechanism of the tested compounds. Compounds <b>1</b>-<b>5</b> were evaluated for cytotoxicity against the HepG2 and Hek293 cell lines. Compound <b>4</b> exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against HepG2, while the other compounds demonstrated no cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, none of the compounds demonstrated any activity against normal cell line Hek293.