Fuzzy Clustering Routing Protocol for WSNs Based on the Game Model

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), effective energy management is vital for extending the network life and improving performance. However, when nodes are densely and randomly distributed over large areas, traditional clustering strategies and routing algorithms often struggle to perform effectively. Clustering strategies face challenges related to cluster head (CH) distribution and cluster radius, which fail to adapt to dynamic node locations, leading to energy distribution imbalance. In routing algorithms, unpredictable path selection for long-distance communication increases energy consumption and leads to the “energy hole” phenomenon. To address these challenges, this study proposes a fuzzy clustering routing protocol for WSNs based on the game model (FBGM). The clustering process integrates a game model with fuzzy logic. Initially, nodes participate in a local election game to select candidate CHs (CCHs). Fuzzy logic then determines the election radius, where CCHs compete to finalize the CH election, thereby forming an unequal clustering structure. The proposed FBGM optimizes the distribution of CHs and ensures load balancing among clusters. For intracluster and intercluster communication, a hybrid routing strategy using a path energy function and fuzzy logic is proposed to optimize the data transmission paths. The experimental results demonstrate that the FBGM protocol dynamically adjusts clustering and routing based on network workloads and topological changes, achieving energy balance while extending the network lifetime and exhibiting commendable dynamic adaptability in large networks.