Rational design of metal–organic framework-nanoparticle composite electrocatalysts for sustainable nitrogen electrochemistry

A faster and more environmentally friendly nitrogen treatment solution is required to address the demand for nitrogen resources and the negative environmental impacts of human activities. Nitrogen electrochemistry thus has received major attention as an avenue for achieving sustainable nitrogen conversion. Here, we comprehensively review recent progress in the rational design of metal–organic framework nanoparticle composites (MOF–NP) for sustainable nitrogen electrochemistry. Three synthesis MOF–NPs strategies are addressed, focusing on the growth of MOFs on NPs, the loading of NPs onto/into MOFs, and the simultaneous formation of MOFs and NPs. We also discuss the unique features of MOF materials and their derivatives for use in nitrogen reduction, nitrate reduction, and ammonia oxidation reactions. The review closes by describing the prospects and challenges for MOF–NP-based electrocatalysts in nitrogen electrochemistry applications. • Synthesis strategies for MOF–NP composite catalysts are addressed. • MOF–NP composites and their derivatives for the NRR, NO 3 RR, and AOR are discussed. • The structures and catalytic properties of MOF–NPs are correlated. • Prospects and challenges for MOF–NPs in nitrogen electrochemistry are proposed.