How do transportation barriers affect healthcare visits? Using mobile-based trajectory data to inform health equity

• This study investigates how transportation barriers affect healthcare visit patterns. • Mobile trajectories are used to identify Dallas healthcare visit patterns in 2021. • Pedestrian and road network density correlated with more healthcare visits. • Lower transit time, drive time, and travel costs, aligned with increased visits. • Transportation barriers contributed to racial disparities in healthcare visits. Transportation barriers to healthcare access are a critical issue, leading to unmet healthcare needs for millions of Americans each year, particularly among disadvantaged groups. Understanding and addressing these barriers is thus an important step toward improving health equity. To understand how transportation barriers affect healthcare access, this study first utilized a mobile-based trajectory data to map healthcare visit patterns in the City of Dallas in 2021. Next, a random forest model integrated with spatial analysis techniques was employed to examine the associations of transportation factors and socioeconomic status with healthcare visits. Additionally, to inform health equity decisions, the impact of transportation barriers was compared across racial demographics. Results showed that higher transportation network densities was associated with increased healthcare visits, while higher transit and drive time to healthcare, traffic fatalities, and transport cost burden aligned with decreased healthcare visits. Socio-economic factors including higher Medicaid coverage and higher incomes were positively associated with increased visits. Results also showed that Black-white racial inequities in healthcare visits were amplified by transportation barriers. By introducing mobile-based trajectories for healthcare accessibility analysis, this study contributes to the existing literature by enhancing the understanding and resolution of transportation-related barriers to healthcare access.