Hybrid lunar ISRU plant: A comparative analysis with carbothermal reduction and water extraction

To establish a self-sustained human presence in space and to explore deeper into the solar system, extensive research has been conducted on In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) systems. Past studies have proposed and researched many technologies to produce oxygen from regolith, such as carbothermal reduction and water extraction from icy regolith, to utilize it for astronauts’ life support and as the propellant of space systems. However, determining the most promising technology remains challenging due to uncertainties in the lunar environment and processing methods. To better understand the lunar environment and ISRU operations, it is crucial to gather more information. Motivated by this need for information gathering, this paper proposes a new ISRU plant architecture integrating carbothermal reduction of dry regolith and water extraction from icy regolith. Two different hybrid plant architectures integrating both technologies (1) in parallel and (2) in series are examined. The former involves mining and processing in both a Permanently Shadowed Region (PSR) and a peak of eternal light in parallel, while the latter solely mines in a PSR. In this series hybrid architecture, the dry regolith tailings from water extraction are further processed by carbothermal reduction. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the landed mass and required power of each plant architecture utilizing subsystem-level models. Furthermore, based on uncertain parameters such as resource content in regolith, the potential performance range of each plant was discovered through Monte Carlo simulations. The result indicates the benefit of the series hybrid architecture in terms of regolith excavation rate and power consumption, while its mass cost seems the highest among the studied architectures. • Hybrid lunar ISRU architectures integrating carbothermal reduction and water extraction in both parallel and series are proposed. • Landed mass and required power of carbothermal reduction, water extraction, and hybrid plants are compared under various assumptions based on a holistic mass and power estimation model. • Monte Carlo simulations visualize that the uncertainty in water ice content largely affects the required excavation rate. • The carbothermal reduction and series hybrid architecture show a significant advantage regarding regolith excavation rate while both of them are heavier than the water extraction architecture in general.