Factorial validity and reliability of the 16-item individualism and collectivism scale for measuring cultural orientation

This study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the 16-item individualism and collectivism scale and assess its validity and reliability. The sample consisted of 299 secondary school students aged 14–16 from Turkey (N = 176), Ireland (N = 70), and England (N = 53). The total sample was divided into halves, Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the first half (N = 150) and the confirmatory factor analysis on the remaining sample (N = 149). Cognitive interviews were conducted with seven adolescents from Turkey and England to provide further evidence of validity. The mean age was 15.21 years (range 14–16 years). EFA generated a four-factor model in which all items except one loaded on the expected factors whereas the one item (labeled as VC4) that was expected to load on the factor representing ‘vertical collectivism’ loaded higher on the factor representing ‘horizontal collectivism’. Cognitive interview results supported the EFA results. After omitting the problematic item, fit indices showed a better fit to the data and the scale had good and acceptable reliability. A previously identified model, in which VC4 was assigned to the HC factor and HC3 and HI4 were excluded from the analysis, demonstrated a slightly better fit for the majority of fit indices. For valid and reliable results, the 16-item individualism and collectivism scale needs to be further developed by clarifying vague or ambiguous terms. Future research should also replicate this study with a larger sample and in different settings. • EFA confirms a four-factor solution, with item VC4 loading on HC instead of VC. • Adolescents interpret "groups" in VC4 as "friends" due to its ambiguity. • Removing VC4 improved model fit indices. • The INDCOL-16 scale is reliable, with VC factor reliability enhanced by removing VC4.